Earth system models are complex computer simulations that integrate various components of the Earth system, such as the atmosphere, oceans, land surfaces, and ice sheets. These models are used by scientists to study and understand the interactions and feedbacks between different components of the Earth system, and how they are influenced by human activities such as greenhouse gas emissions. Earth system models are used to make projections of future climate change, including changes in temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and extreme weather events. They are also used to assess the impacts of climate change on ecosystems, agriculture, and human societies, and to inform policy decisions for mitigating and adapting to climate change. Overall, earth system models play a crucial role in advancing our understanding of the Earth system and its response to anthropogenic influences, and help to inform strategies for sustainable development and climate change mitigation.